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Actually, CCD stands for Ccarge-coupled device. The standard way to use your camera with a telescope is to buy an adapter that joins the two together. Sometimes telescopes come with these adapters in the box.
The CCD astro camera will outperform a DSLR on the sky. The main advantages of the DSLR are that you can use it without a computer, and it's available for normal photography also. At the low end of the price range, the DSLR will also give you more pixels, but this is not necessarily a good thing. The tiny pixels in small-format DSLRs are not well-matched to the image scale of most telescopes, and will be considerably noisier than the larger pixels in an astrocamera. The advantages of the CCD astrocamera include lower noise, better Hα sensitivity (Hα is the red light that dominates many emission nebulae), and better integration with your image processing software. The use of filters will complicate things slightly, but also add more options, like using narrowband filters to bring out the contrast of nebulae. You can always shoot in plain monochrome to start with.
IR means infrared, refers to the frequency spectrum of light (color). There are two commonly used IR bands for imaging. Near-IR is just outside the region of colors we can see. People use near IR to take interesting pictures and can be used to view an unlit area, as perceived by humans, that is illuminated by a near-IR light (humans can't see the near-IR light source). This has been used in wildlife photography and surveillance. Thermal-IR is a spectral band where heat is emitted. Thermal-IR is far away from our visual capability. This requires a special imaging sensor and lens. Thermal IR cameras image the heat radiated off surfaces. These cameras generally start off at $10,000 for cheap systems.
CCD means charge coupled device, a type of image sensor used in cameras. CCD sensors can sense light in the near UV down to near IR. CCD sensors can't be used to image thermal-IR. Filters are usually placed in front of the sensor to block UV and IR so just the visible spectrum is sensed.
