12V 1800mAh AA Ni-MH Rechargeable Battery Pack

Specifications:

• The 12V Battery Pack can provide durable and powerful energy
• This Rechargeable Ni-MH Battery is environmental friendly, without any heavy metal element,do no harm to environment
• This Rechargeable Ni-MH Battery has no memory effect so they can be charged or discharged as needed without loss of capacity
• This Rechargeable Ni-MH Battery has an extremely low rate of self-discharge
• This 12V Battery Pack can be rapidly charged with any quick charger, smart chargers, plug in charger or universal chargers
• Voltage: 12V
• Capacity: 1800mAh
• Battery Type: Ni-MH

Details:

• 1800mAh capacity and high quality rechargeable 12V Ni-MH battery
• Powerful output, maximize your electronic appliances performance

How to Use NiMH Batteries:

• Use NiMH cells to power any high drain device, such as digital cameras, radios and telephones. Frequency of recharging will not affect the battery's output.
• Avoid using NiMH batteries in low demand or infrequently used devices that have no built-in charger, such as flashlights, remote controls or smoke detectors. NiMH cells have a self-discharge rate of as much as 1 percent per day, so using a conventional or alkaline battery, or a NiCad rechargeable is a better choice in seldom-used electronics.
•  Energizer PP3 Battery With Nominal Voltage Of 7.2
• Check the power requirements of devices using 9 Volt (PP3) batteries before choosing a NiMH to power it. NiMH PP3 batteries may have six, seven or eight cells and vary in voltage from 7.2 to 9.6.
• Recharge NiMH cells as soon at the first sign they need charging. If the cells are arranged in series and one cell fully discharges before the rest, the other cells can drive the dead one's chemical reaction in reverse and cause irreversible damage.
•  Energizer NiMH Charger
• Use a charger designed for NiMH cells or batteries for recharging. These chargers monitor the batteries' voltage and prevent over- and under-charging.
•  NiMH Cells Can Be Recycled--Think Green!
• Dispose of NiMH batteries in your household trash, and take them to a recycling center. They're considered environmentally friendly, but some components can be reused. 

Usage and applications:

• Rechargeable batteries are used for automobile starters, portable consumer devices, light vehicles (such as motorized wheelchairs, golf carts, electric bicycles, and electric forklifts), tools, and uninterruptible power supplies. Emerging applications in hybrid electric vehicles and electric vehicles are driving the technology to reduce cost and weight and increase lifetime.[1]
• Normally, new rechargeable batteries have to be charged before use; newer low self-discharge batteries hold their charge for many months, and are supplied charged to about 70% of their rated capacity.
• Grid energy storage applications use rechargeable batteries for load leveling, where they store electric energy for use during peak load periods, and for renewable energy uses, such as storing power generated from photovoltaic arrays during the day to be used at night. By charging batteries during periods of low demand and returning energy to the grid during periods of high electrical demand, load-leveling helps eliminate the need for expensive peaking power plants and helps amortize the cost of generators over more hours of operation.
• The US National Electrical Manufacturers Association has estimated that U.S. demand for rechargeable batteries is growing twice as fast as demand for nonrechargeables

 Charging and discharging:

Diagram of the charging of a secondary cell battery

• During charging, the positive active material is oxidized, producing electrons, and the negative material is reduced, consuming electrons. These electrons constitute the current flow in the external circuit. The electrolyte may serve as a simple buffer for ion flow between the electrodes, as in lithium-ion and nickel-cadmium cells, or it may be an active participant in the electrochemical reaction, as in lead-acid cells.
• The energy used to charge rechargeable batteries usually comes from a battery charger using AC mains electricity. Chargers take from a few minutes (rapid chargers) to several hours to charge a battery. Most batteries are capable of being charged far faster than simple battery chargers are capable of; there are chargers that can charge consumer sizes of NiMH batteries in 15 minutes. Fast charges must have multiple ways of detecting full charge (voltage, temperature, etc.) to stop charging before onset of harmful overcharging.
• Rechargeable multi-cell batteries are susceptible to cell damage due to reverse charging if they are fully discharged. Fully integrated battery chargers that optimize the charging current are available.
• Attempting to recharge non-rechargeable batteries with unsuitable equipment may cause battery explosion.
• Flow batteries, used for specialised applications, are recharged by replacing the electrolyte liquid.
• Battery manufacturers' technical notes often refer to VPC; this is volts per cell, and refers to the individual secondary cells that make up the battery. For example, to charge a 12 V battery (containing 6 cells of 2 V each) at 2.3 VPC requires a voltage of 13.8 V across the battery's terminals.
• Non-rechargeable alkaline and zinc-carbon cells output 1.5V when new, but this voltage gradually drops with use. Most NiMH AA and AAA batteries rate their cells at 1.2 V, and can usually be used in equipment designed to use alkaline batteries up to an end-point of 0.9 to 1.2V.

Reverse charging:

• Subjecting a discharged cell to a current in the direction which tends to discharge it further, rather than charge it, is called reverse charging; this damages cells. Reverse charging can occur under a number of circumstances, the two most common being:
• When a battery or cell is connected to a charging circuit the wrong way round.
• When a battery made of several cells connected in series is deeply discharged.
• When one cell completely discharges ahead of the rest, the live cells will apply a reverse current to the discharged cell ("cell reversal"). This can happen even to a "weak" cell that is not fully discharged. If the battery drain current is high enough, the weak cell's internal resistance can experience a reverse voltage that is greater than the cell's remaining internal forward voltage. This results in the reversal of the weak cell's polarity while the current is flowing through the cells[3][4]. This can significantly shortens the life of the affected cell and therefore of the battery. The higher the discharge rate of the battery needs to be, the better matched the cells should be, both in kind of cell and state of charge. In some extreme cases, the reversed cell can begin to emit smoke or catch fire.
• In critical applications using Ni-Cad batteries, such as in aircraft, each cell is individually discharged by connecting a load clip across the terminals of each cell, thereby avoiding cell reversal, then charging the cells in series

Common rechargeable battery types:

• Graph of mass and volume energy densities of several secondary cells

Nickel-cadmium battery (NiCd):

• Created by Waldemar Jungner of Sweden in 1899, based on Thomas Edison's first alkaline battery[citation needed]. Using nickel oxide hydroxide and metallic cadmium as electrodes. Cadmium is a toxic element, and was banned for most uses by the European Union in 2004. Nickel-cadmium batteries have been almost completely superseded by nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries.

Nickel-metal hydride battery (NiMH):

• First commercial types were available in 1989.[20] These are now a common consumer and industrial type. The battery has a hydrogen-absorbing alloy for the negative electrode instead of cadmium.

Lithium-ion battery:

• The technology behind lithium-ion battery has not yet fully reached maturity. However, the batteries are the type of choice in many consumer electronics and have one of the best energy-to-mass ratios and a very slow loss of charge when not in use.

Lithium-ion polymer battery:

• These batteries are light in weight and can be made in any shape desired

Battery Capacity:

• Look for batteries with a higher milliampere hour (mAh) rating. This refers to the amount of electricity delivered at any given moment. Electronic devices can handle a range of mAh without damaging the device. So as the rechargeable batteries begin to lose power, they do no damage to the device. Batteries with a higher mAh may look exactly like a battery with a lower mAh but typically they cost more

Battery Chargers:

• Buy the battery charger that suits your needs. In some instances you can purchase the charger and batteries as a package deal, but if you want your battery charger to maintain your rechargeable batteries properly, you may need to pay more for special features.
• Look for a battery charger that recharges a variety of battery sizes. Select a unit that has a reconditioning cycle. This keeps you from overcharging your batteries. Some models do this automatically while others have a switch you must flip to go into reconditioning mode.

About Rechargeable Batteries

• Function
• Sometimes called a storage battery, a rechargeable battery consists of multiple cells. This enables the electrochemical reaction that powers the battery to be reversed. Using a charger, these batteries can be recharged many times. Rechargeable batteries are used in automobiles, consumer electronics, storage for solar arrays and electrical vehicles.
• Types
• The most common types of rechargeable batteries are lead-acid, nickel cadmium, alkaline, nickel metal hydride and lithium ion. Lithium ion batteries are considered the most advanced rechargeable battery type and are used in most contemporary consumer electronics.
• Size
• Rechargeable batteries come in many shapes and sizes from automobile lead-acid type batteries to laptop and small digital camera batteries. The size is determined by the type of technology used and the design of the device in which the battery will be placed.
• Features
• The main feature of a rechargeable battery is self-evident--it can be charged multiple times. Secondary features that differ depending on the type of battery include:
• Self-Discharge: This effect occurs within the battery cells causing the battery to lose power over time even when not in use.
• Memory Effect: An effect mostly witnessed in Nickel Cadmium batteries, the battery seems to lose its maximum energy capacity if charged multiple times without being fully discharged.
• Energy-to-Mass Ratio: This refers to the energy density of the battery.
• Currently, Lithium ion batteries are the best performing rechargeable batteries if considering the above features.
• Considerations
• Many people avoid rechargeable batteries when given a choice because of a perceived higher cost. When you consider that rechargeable batteries can be reused multiple times, the savings of using them as opposed to one use batteries becomes clear

Caution:

• Do not disassemble or mistreat battery. Do not incinerate. Do not short terminals. Do not expose to high temperatures above 60°C(140°F). Use specified chargers only. Dispose of properly. Do not puncture. Failure to follow. These instructions may present risk of explosion, fire or high temperature or serious injury

Package Included:

• 1 x Ni-MH 12V 1800mAh AA Rechargeable Battery Pack